14 Aug 2009
BlackLight Power has this week had its controversial technique for generating hydrogen fuel from water independently validated by US-based Rowan University, as the company seeks to challenge critics who have accused its technology of being unfeasible.
The firm has also posted two research papers on its web site, designed to help non-believers confirm the viability of its approach for themselves.
Although Rowan University co-authored an earlier paper with BlackLight, its
latest round of experiments were undertaken without any intervention from the
firm.
The aim was to establish whether or not BlackLight had discovered a new
low-energy form of hydrogen dubbed a "hydrino" and whether it could be used to
generate energy
on a continuous basis.
According to BlackLight, hydrinos are formed when hydrogen is released from an in-house-developed solid fuel at 50°C using a chemical catalyst. The process generates 200 times more energy than if electrolysis is used to extract hydrogen from water, BlackLight claims. The resulting energy takes the form of ultraviolet light, which can be converted into thermal power.
But the firm also attests that it requires very little heat to reverse the process to create the solid fuel again. The only element that needs to be replaced to restart the cycle is hydrogen, which can be released by electrolysing water.
To prove the point, the Rowan University researchers made 10 solid fuels from commercially available chemicals and tested the process for three months. They confirmed the existence of hydrinos and found they were able to generate between "1.2 and 6.5 times the maximum theoretical heat available through known chemical reactions".
Randall Mills, the firm's chairman, chief executive and president, said the results proved "the feasibility of using the solid fuel in a recycled manner as a replacement for fossil and nuclear fuels in power plants. These developments are anticipated to result in a significant decrease in the time to commercialisation".
Despite ongoing fears that the technology appears to be reliant on re-writing chemical laws, the company has attracted some high-profile backers recently, confirming that it has already signed six technology licensing deals with utilities and real estate firms that could deploy its generation systems.
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Alternate THEORY for Hydrino based on Casimir cavities
Since Dr Mills of Black Light Power has already defined the hydrino and because fractional quantum state hydrogen is also misleading I prefer to use the term "relativistic hydrogen" as proposed in a 2005 paper by Jan Naudts? On the hydrino state of relativistic hydrogen atom? Naudts argues that detractors of fractional state hydrogen overlook relativistic effects inside a Casimir cavity. These relativistic effects were discussed in a 2002 paper by Italian researchers Di Fiore et all "Vacuum fluctuation force on a rigid Casimir cavity in a gravitational field". They proposed the possibility of verifying the equivalence principle for the zero-point energy of quantum electrodynamics, by evaluating the force, produced by vacuum fluctuations, acting on a rigid Casimir cavity in a weak gravitational field. Their calculations show a resulting force has opposite direction with respect to the gravitational acceleration, Their proposal indicates equivalent acceleration outside the cavity relative to inside the cavity. Their 10 E^-14 N of force may appear inconsequential but it is a constant acceleration which in the spatial confinement of a cavity I propose can result in frame divergence and accumulate into time dilation for hydrogen atoms obeying gas law inside the cavity. I am proposing that the exclusion field associated with Casimir cavities represents a very local gravitational depletion zone as opposed to the more familiar concentration zone of a gravity well. QED refers to this exclusion of longer wave length vacuum fluctuations inside a Casimir cavity as "up conversion" but I think Naudts relativistic solution is actually at work. I believe time is occurring at multiple seconds per second for atoms diffused inside the cavity inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between "plates" as indicated by the Casimir formula for non-ideal conductors. I believe the normal gravitational field for Casimir plates is modified as plates approach each other in Casimir geometry forming a "depletion" zone between them that upsets the normally isotropic field very locally between the plates. The field is concentrated in the metal lattice which draws down the confined reservoir of a Casimir cavity to create the depletion zone. Locally hydrogen remains just hydrogen and the Bohr radius is never violated. The small acceleration inside the Cavity accumulates into time dilation and Lorentz contraction which would explain catalytic action but with the appropriate rigid Casimir cavity catalytic action can be leverage into producing excess heat. In the case of the skeletal catalyst used by Mills, Rayney nickel, it is evident that H1 is the preferential state for diffusion. H2 is denied mobility compared to H1 which is able to accumulate velocity inside the exclusion field of the cavity. The small difference in gravitational acceleration calculated by Di Fiore et all represents a diverging relativistic frame allowing the Warkowski space time temporal coordinate of H1 to vary inside the cavity vs. outside the cavity. I prefer to call this "relativistic hydrogen" as opposed to Mills and others who refer to it as fractional quantum states, Their empirical data and calculations of 137 such fractional states varying from 1/2 to 1/137 appears correct but I propose they should be considered perspective multipliers which solve for the trig portion of the Bohr radius measured in our reference frame due to Lorentz contraction. This suggest that Hydrogen orbitals inside a depletion zone can twist their orientation on the time axis in quantum number steps. Dr Mills already claims these fractional states to be non radiative which agrees with my theory that the orbital radius is actually unchanged and the 4D orientation is responsible for the fractional states as observed from a reference frame outside the cavity. N =1 is assumed to be 45 degree for flat space sharing dimensions equally. As Velocity increases toward C on spatial axis XYZ time is suppressed (event horizon), As velocity increases toward C on time axis the spatial axis XYZ are suppressed (Casimir cavity). If relativistic H1 forms relativistic H2 it is also denied mobility just like hydrogen molecules near the mouth of the cavity that were unable to diffuse into the depletion zone. The relativistic H2 however has accumulated velocity, is still in a frame with a different acceleration rate and is subject to gas law - heat still trying to diffuse the molecule in opposition to this confinement. The vacuum fluctuations of this still diverging relativistic frame build "organized" boundary conditions with the covalent bond of the confined molecule which breaks the bond and restores the atoms to monatomic levels using ZPE. You could also say the energy is provided by gas law for those opposed to ZPE :_) When relativistic H2 forms inside a cavity it emits a photon then becomes spatially confined in opposition to the moving frame and gas law. When these forces accumulate to break the covalent bond the atoms reorient to the appropriate "fractional quantum" angle for the local Casimir geometry and the cycle starts over in a photon emitting cascade between H1 and H2 that does not consume the hydrogen. This continues until the atoms escape the cavity or the geometry overheats and grows shorts that relieve the depletion zone. A patent US 7,379,286 B2 awarded May 27, 2008 to Bernard Haisch and Garret Moddel leverages Casimir force which they refer to as Casimir -Lamb shift. Their planned prototype of Casimir columns formed by milled colums through mettalic plates seperated by insulation layers are arranged in a stack. they drill an array of .1 micron columns through the stack which unlike Rayney nickel has a feed through path seperated by insulators that force the depletion zones in each plate of each column to translate through its full range of values which is a vast improvement over the skeletal catalyst used by Mills. A recent discovery by Peng Chen at Cornell University Finds nanotubes only have catalytic action at ends and at defects where plate spacing changes. This indicates The Haisch - Moddel cavity columns with insulation breaks is superior to skeletal catalysts used by Mills. Although the skeletal catalyst has stronger depletion fields due to much smaller geometry the Rowan validations appear to release a burst of energy and then the Mills reactors are finished while the Haisch - Moddel model is designed to run continuously. Their .1u diameter cavities are much weaker, form columns that allow circulation control and mixing ratios of diatomic to monatomic gases and simpler heat exchange. Although the methods of confinement and the physics being exploited differ they both require the Casimir cavity to establish a differential zone where normal reactionary forces are partially suspended allowing what appears to be overunity but is actually rectifying energy from the ZPF.
Posted by Fran Roarty, 05 Sep 2009
Fractional Hydrogen can power cars!
Chava Energy is also developing fractional Hydrogen technologies. The possible existence of fractional quantum states in the Hydrogen atom (f/H) has been debated since the advent of quantum theory in 1924, according to Ronald Bourgoin, a graduate student of the late Dr. Robert L. Carroll (a mathematical physicist who consulted with our group for 12 years). Dr. Carroll first described ?inverse quantum states? in his 1976 book, and wrote a paper with that title in 1990, suggesting they would one day prove extremely important. Chava uses the term f/H for the fractional hydrogen species since we are not convinced that other theories accurately describe the same particle we are seeing below the Bohr orbital. Regardless of what fractional Hydrogen orbits are labeled, or prove to be in fact, they allow hundreds of times the power of Hydrogen combustion with oxygen. Using fractional Hydrogen, one barrel of water becomes the equivalent of hundreds of barrels of oil. The late Arie de Geus invented an entirely different energy production method that also utilized fractional quantum states of Hydrogen. His Patent application entitled: Method and Apparatus for the Production of so called Fractional Hydrogen and Associated Production of Photon Energy, may describe the simplest possible f/H device, which could be called a plasma discharge tube. His invention involves a mixture of various simultaneously formed fractional states of Hydrogen that are claimed to be extremely stable. He claimed his work was proven in many laboratory experiments and independently verified. The Chava work with fractional quantum states, employing a completely different approach, has opened a path to a new concept called the Self Powered Internal Combustion Engine (SPICE). This is an evolution of successful experimental work done thirty years ago. This concept, when validated, will lead to a cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power. Importantly, it can be sized perfectly for use in automotive applications ? even utilizing a modified reciprocating engine, but with the ability to sell electricity to the grid when parked, and to supply pollution-free renewable power. This concept of an automobile that needs no fossil fuel or battery recharge has been a long-time ambition and vision for the ideal alternative energy application. En-route to that objective, fractional Hydrogen fuel mileage technology might be retrofit to existing vehicles.
Posted by Mark Goldes, 14 Aug 2009